Research on Sharia law Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Sharia law - Research Paper Example , the origins of Sharia laws derive from a combination of laws, like Roman laws, contents of the Holy Koran (qiyas), teachings of Prophet Mohammed and present day assimilations of ancient legal interpretations and treatises (ijmas). However, an interesting aspect of Shari has been that in their countries of acceptance and faith, different interpretations exist for these laws. Modernists, traditionalists and fundamentalists all hold different views of Sharia, as do adherents to different schools of Islamic thought and scholarship. Different countries and cultures have varying interpretations of Sharia as well. Thus, Sharia practices in African countries may be quite different from those in Arab countries. On the other hand, Muslim population in India may have different cultural and sociological interpretation of Sharia than what is being done in Indonesia, or Yemen, for that matter. Thus, what is important is the sociological background of these laws in the context of respective countries where these laws are followed. Moreover, it is also seen that Islam has two sub sects – Sunnis and Shias. It is now necessary to consider the differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims, which essentially finds the difference in religion but politics. This is primarily because it concerns leadership matters subsequent to the prophet’s era and what led to division of Muslim sect soon after the death Mohammed. When the question arose as to who would inherit the mantle of the Prophet, of one sect believed that leadership should be taken over by one of his worthy followers. But Shias believed th at leadership should move to the member of his own kith or kin, like his son- in- law, or nephew. Thus, major differences arose between Sunnis and Shias, such that the latter were not able to ever reconcile themselves to the fact that Ali’s descendants were not provided due leadership in the Muslim order after the lifetime of Prophet. Thus, they refused to accept the authority of Sunni

Implementation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Implementation Paper - Essay Example In fact, according to American Lung Association (2007), approximately five (5) million pneumonia cases occur annually; the cause of almost 55 million days (Kochanek & Smith, 2002) of restricted activity, as well as 1.3 million hospitalizations each year. Furthermore, inpatient treatment for pneumonia (Niederman, 1998) amounts to more than $7.5 billion annually. Roark (2003) added that this disease is the second most widespread nosocomial infection. As of 2003, the annual incidence reached up to five to 10 cases in every 1,000 admissions and can further lead into mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more, duration of hospital stay, worsening of underlying illness as well as presence of co-morbidities. Previous antibiotic use prior to the onset of nosocomial pneumonia elevates the likelihood of infection, particularly with those virulent organisms like Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conventional preventive measures against nosocomial pneumonia take account of the patients' decreasing aspiration, proper disinfection/sterilization of devices used in respiratory-therapy, use of effective vaccines against particular infections, avoiding cross contamination via hands of personnel and health education among patients and hospital staff. New measures under investigation involve reducing oropharyngeal and gastric colonization. Collaboration amongPneumonia as Core Performance Measure Collaboration among variety of stakeholders is an integral process in the measurement of Pneumonia Core Performance. The Joint Commission (2009) in early 1999, was able to solicit inputs from different health care provider organizations, clinical professionals, health care consumers, state hospital associations, and convened the Pneumonia Advisory Panel to discuss the areas for core measures for hospitals. The Joint Commission is a distinguished and awarded international leader, able and has been proven to effectively carry out the identification process, test and denote standardized performance measures. It has been involved in performance measurement research, development activities, and ongoing, established successful, as well as collaborative relationships with key performance measurement sets. The agency has set the initial pneumonia measure that exists in five (5) measures namely: Oxygenation Assessment, Blood Cultures, Pneumococcal Screening and/or Vaccination, Smoking Cessation Advice/Counseling, and also the Antibiotic Timing. Later, two additional measures were implemented and these are the: Antibiotic Selection and Influenza Vaccination. All together, the Joint Commission function with the CMS or Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on pneumonia measures with the intention of common to both organizations. CMS with the Joint Commission worked together in order to align the measure specifications which are to be used in the 7th Scope of Work and also for Joint Commission accredited hospitals. On July 1, 2002, hospitals began collecting the preliminary five (5) pneumonia measures intended for patient discharges.Core Measures monitor a range of evidence-based, the scientifically researched standards of care that have been shown to effect in improved clinical outcomes for patients. The establishment of Core Measures in 2000 by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) has started to release public statements about hospital core measure findings in

Real Estate .Adding to and appraising the value of property Essay

Real Estate .Adding to and appraising the value of property - Essay Example The size of the residential market has shown a consistent increase from ?753 billion in 2001 to ?2369 in 2009 (www. ipd.com/linkclick.aspx). According to the UK IPD residential index of 2009, based on a sample of 11,143 properties covering ?3.9 billion at the end of December 2009, the returns on residential complexes consistently increased in 2009. Moreover, out of the total capital market value of ?3.81 billion for the UK property market, 20.9% is based in the south east, the zone within which the city of Reading falls into. In the south eastern area, the capital growth was 10% and income returns were 4.8%. Hence at the outset, it may be stated that this area generally appears to be a viable from the point of view of investment over a long term, because property values have generally been good over the long term. Income returns were 2.9% in 2009 and capital growth was 8.1 (www.ipd.com). For commercial properties, the income return was 7.4, but capital growth had dropped to -3.6. Whe n returns are annualised over a period of five years, the south eastern region demonstrated income growth of about 5% but no capital growth (www. ipd.com/linkclick.aspx, p12). ... The levels of associated risk were also higher for commercial properties, i.e, 13.0 as compared to a return of 6.0 (www. ipd.com/linkclick.aspx, p21). Projections which have been made on real annualised returns from real estate show a loss of -11% over a three year period and -1% over a 5 year period, such that any proposal for the future on the Sulis property in reading needs to factor in some potential losses that could arise in the investment being considered. The real income growth has been steadily dropping in commercial real estate; when real capital growth in commercial property is taken into account over a fifty year period, i.e, inflation minus 1.2% per year for commercial property (www. ipd.com/linkclick.aspx, p24). Annualised rental growth over a nine year period was 0.78% for commercial properties. In terms of current asking prices for commercial property, the general commercial locations around Valpy street in reading are being offered at prices ranging from 650 to 700 p er square foot and the asking price rents for offices are in the range of ?1200 to ?2500 depending upon the size of the individual units. The economic recession over the past four years has impacted upon the real estate market in reading, as in other parts of the country, by creating a glut of distressed properties being offered for sale because they are foreclosed and unable to keep up with payments. Interest rates have remained low, which has been a boon for those on mortgages with low interest payments. While low interest rates are advantageous for buyers at the present time because it allows them the opportunity to acquire a fixed rate mortgage, at the low rate, it also requires a much higher down payment,

Implementation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Implementation Paper - Essay Example In fact, according to American Lung Association (2007), approximately five (5) million pneumonia cases occur annually; the cause of almost 55 million days (Kochanek & Smith, 2002) of restricted activity, as well as 1.3 million hospitalizations each year. Furthermore, inpatient treatment for pneumonia (Niederman, 1998) amounts to more than $7.5 billion annually. Roark (2003) added that this disease is the second most widespread nosocomial infection. As of 2003, the annual incidence reached up to five to 10 cases in every 1,000 admissions and can further lead into mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more, duration of hospital stay, worsening of underlying illness as well as presence of co-morbidities. Previous antibiotic use prior to the onset of nosocomial pneumonia elevates the likelihood of infection, particularly with those virulent organisms like Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conventional preventive measures against nosocomial pneumonia take account of the patients' decreasing aspiration, proper disinfection/sterilization of devices used in respiratory-therapy, use of effective vaccines against particular infections, avoiding cross contamination via hands of personnel and health education among patients and hospital staff. New measures under investigation involve reducing oropharyngeal and gastric colonization. Collaboration amongPneumonia as Core Performance Measure Collaboration among variety of stakeholders is an integral process in the measurement of Pneumonia Core Performance. The Joint Commission (2009) in early 1999, was able to solicit inputs from different health care provider organizations, clinical professionals, health care consumers, state hospital associations, and convened the Pneumonia Advisory Panel to discuss the areas for core measures for hospitals. The Joint Commission is a distinguished and awarded international leader, able and has been proven to effectively carry out the identification process, test and denote standardized performance measures. It has been involved in performance measurement research, development activities, and ongoing, established successful, as well as collaborative relationships with key performance measurement sets. The agency has set the initial pneumonia measure that exists in five (5) measures namely: Oxygenation Assessment, Blood Cultures, Pneumococcal Screening and/or Vaccination, Smoking Cessation Advice/Counseling, and also the Antibiotic Timing. Later, two additional measures were implemented and these are the: Antibiotic Selection and Influenza Vaccination. All together, the Joint Commission function with the CMS or Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on pneumonia measures with the intention of common to both organizations. CMS with the Joint Commission worked together in order to align the measure specifications which are to be used in the 7th Scope of Work and also for Joint Commission accredited hospitals. On July 1, 2002, hospitals began collecting the preliminary five (5) pneumonia measures intended for patient discharges.Core Measures monitor a range of evidence-based, the scientifically researched standards of care that have been shown to effect in improved clinical outcomes for patients. The establishment of Core Measures in 2000 by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) has started to release public statements about hospital core measure findings in

Philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Essay The philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle had different points of-view but they were also similar in some ways. For example, all three philosophers had their own thoughts on the subject of justice and government. Socrates belief on this matter was that democracy was an unwise form of government. He thought that the electing of the people was unfair justice. Plato had some of the same beliefs. He believed that government should only have rulers who had the intelligence and education appropriate for the matter. His thoughts were that a job should be done only by those who are best suited for it. To him aristocracy was a perfect form of government. The point of Socrates philosophies were to make people think about the questions he would often ask. The reason for these questions being asked were to have people to their own thoughts and opinions toward life. He did not think a person with the right mind should follow the steps of their ancestors. Instead of going around asking questions, Plato, another philosopher, would write his own conversations with imaginerary people. These conversations would cover much of the same topics that Socrates had tried to cover earlier. These topics mostly dealt with life such as government, opinions toward justice and how people really viewed education. Aristotle also had his own theories towards his belief of the right government. He wanted his results to show happiness among the people. Hed mainly collect information from studying living creatures and observing their living habits. He would do this so that he could see what brought them happiness. His opinion toward life was that all people should live a fair and happy life. After many attempts of forming the perfect government , his facts allowed him to believe that a perfect government could be formed only by those who have a middle class. The middle class would consist of those who were not rich yet not poor. Both Aristotle and Plato had different thoughts on the division of the government. Aristotle claimed to believe that a government should consist  of many classes for the protection of the people and the state. While Plato disagreed and thought that dividing of power was unfair and cruel. In his mind, he felt that those in the lower class could never have the chance to get any higher in life. Though all three philosophers felt that the government should be based on the equalness of all the people, they all had different views on what equality really meant. These philosophers all had their own way of gathering information and passing it through the minds of others.

Problems with Act Utilitarianism

Problems with Act Utilitarianism According to act utilitarianism, the measure of the value of an act is the amount by which it increases happiness to a person. If the act produces much happiness as compared to any other act then the act is morally right. To understand the term act utilitarianism, compare the consequences of doing a charity work and the consequences of watching TV at home. A person can generate more happiness by doing charity work as compared to watching TV. In this situation according to act utilitarianism, the right thing for a person is to do charity work as compared to watching TV because charity work will generate more happiness. Problem with Act utilitarianism Though there is some criticism on this theory because for some people the act of torturing and enslavement is a source of happiness and this theory allows these act morally. This act according to some critics justifies crime. Another issue about this act is that how will the happiness be calculated. This is always difficult to find out that which act will generate more happiness. Rule utilitarianism Rule utilitarianismÂÂ  is a form ofÂÂ  utilitarianismÂÂ  that says an action is correct only if it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good and generates happiness. For rule utilitarians, the amount of good brought about when followed determines its rightness. ÂÂ  Rule utilitarians argue that following some rules leads to the greatest good will, and this will have have better consequences overall. Problem with rule utilitarianism In some cases ÂÂ  breaking the rule produces more utility so people tend to break rules. In this case sub-rules should be added that can handle such cases. Difference between Act utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism These two forms of utilitarianism differ from each other. Act utilitarianism is based on consequences while rule utilitarianism is based on rules. Act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself whereas rule utilitarianism sees the consequences as if it will be repeated all over again. Act utilitarianism before choosing an act first looks into the consequences then the one with the better consequence is selected while rule utilitarianism looks first into the consequences of choosing what rule to follow. The more correct choice is the rule that generates the greatest utility or happiness. According to the theories, act utilitarianism is the belief that it is correct to break a rule as long as it brings a greater good and happiness, while Rule utilitarianism is a belief that even if a rule does not bring a greater good, breaking it will not bring a good either. In Act Utilitarianism the value of an action is not judged in terms of laws. Instead it states that when the actions benefit the most people they are moral. For example, a person might say it is moral to murder someone if they are a danger to society. even though the law is present against murder. Rule utilitarianism states that an action is correct only in reference to a rule. It measures the amount of good an individual action does by acting according to a law. For example, taking the same example of murder, a person might say ÂÂ  Murder is wrong according to the law and if everyone follows the law, no one will have to be afraid of being murdered and we can be in public and private spaces without any fear. Conclusion Act utilitarianism states that an act is correct if the act produces much happiness as compared to any other act. Act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself . There is some criticism on this theory because for some people the act of torturing and enslavement is a source of happiness and this theory allows these act morally. Rule utilitarianismÂÂ  is a form ofÂÂ  utilitarianismÂÂ  that says an action is correct only if it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good and generates happiness. There is some criticism on this theory because in some cases ÂÂ  breaking the rule produces more utility so people tend to break rules. The difference between these two acts is that act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself whereas rule utilitarianism sees the consequences as if it will be repeated all over again. Act utilitarianism is the belief that it is correct to break a rule as long as it brings a greater good and happiness, while Rule utilitarianism is a belief that even if a rule does not bring a greater good, breaking it will not bring a good either.

Assessment of Inappropriate Behavioral Development in Children and Teens :: essays research papers

It is far easier to measure a child's physical growth and maturation than to assess the complexities of individual differences in children's disruptive and antisocial development. Pediatricians can clearly record increases in a child's weight and height on growth charts and even provide percentile estimates indicating how a child compares to others at the same age. Measuring and interpreting acceptable versus unacceptable and normal versus abnormal behaviors among children and adolescents are far more complex. Children and adolescents often test the limits of appropriate conduct by crossing the boundaries set by caretakers. When a youth exhibits a particular problem behavior, it is important to consider not only if the behavior has previously occurred, but also if it is exhibited in multiple settings and with what frequency, duration, intensity, and provocation. For example, a 2-year-old who playfully nips a playmate is less off the mark of developmentally appropriate behavior than a 4-year-old who aggressively and frequently bites playmates to forcefully gain possession of desired toys. Among adolescents, a certain degree of misbehavior, experimentation, or independence seeking is common. In fact, the American Psychiatric Association (1994) indicates that "New onset of oppositional behaviors in adolescence may be due to the process of normal individuation." On the other hand, youth who persistently and progressively engage in problem behaviors with significant impairment in personal development, social functioning, academic achievement, and vocational preparation are of great concern to caretakers. Also of concern is the broad category of "antisocial behaviors" that have an appreciable harmful effect on others, in terms of inflicting physical or mental harm on others or causing property loss or damage. The Semantics of Disruptive and Delinquent Behavior A mother finds parenting exhausting and describes her 7-year-old son as extremely energetic, frequently switching from one play activity to another, often losing his things, and forgetting to do his chores. A second grade teacher notes that her student has a learning disability, as he is unruly, requires constant disciplinary attention, fidgets or squirms in his seat, fails to follow directions or complete assignments, refuses to wait his turn, and often disturbs his classmates. A child psychologist indicates a young boy lacks the ability for sustained mental effort, is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli, displays poor impulse control, and meets the criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fourth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).